![]() ![]() It is also used for query−response applications, such as DNS queries. It is commonly used for applications that are “lossy” (i.e., they can handle some packet loss), such as streaming audio and video. UDP is the User Datagram Protocol, a simpler and faster cousin of TCP. Most operating systems require super-user privileges to open a reserved port, but any user may open an (unused) ephemeral port. Reserved ports are 1023 or lower ephemeral ports are 1024 through 65535. The two types of ports are reserved and ephemeral. The TCP port field is 16 bits, allowing port numbers from 0 to 65535. TCP connects from a source port to a destination port-for example, source port 51178 and destination port 22. TCP can reorder segments that arrive out of order and retransmit missing segments. TCP is the Transmission Control Protocol, a reliable Layer 4 protocol that uses a three-way handshake to create reliable connections across a network. Hosts may also access IPv6 networks via IPv4 this is called tunneling. Systems may be “dual stack” and use both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously. Too few available IPv4 addresses in a world where humans (and their devices) outnumber them is a fundamental problem: This was one of the factors leading to the creation of IPv6, which uses much larger, 128-bit, addresses. ![]() A 32-bit address field allows 2 32, or nearly 4.3 billion, addresses. IPv4 uses 32-bit source and destination addresses, usually shown in “dotted quad” format (e.g., “192.168.2.4”). ![]() If connections or reliability are required, they must be provided by a higher-level protocol carried by IP, such as TCP. It is also connectionless and unreliable, providing “best effort” packet delivery. IPv4 is Internet Protocol version 4, commonly called “IP.” It is simple, designed to carry data across networks. Newer EUI-64 MAC addresses are 64 bits long. ![]() For anyone using music software, this is a huge headache.Historically, MAC addresses were 48 bits long, divided in halves: The first 24 bits represented the Organizationally Unique Identifier ( OUI) the last 24 bits, a serial number (formally called an extension identifier). I have a decade's worth of Ableton Live projects, depending on a decade's worth of plugins, some of which will never be updated to 64-bit*. I've spent much of my tooling-about-in-Live time this year going through old sets, seeing what I can salvage, what can be mixed down to audio stems, what can be turned into a workable Drum Rack/Sampler instrument, what can be replicated (reFX Vanguard patches are very hard if not impossible to replicate with other synths), and come to the conclusion that, for the purposes of being able to access old projects, my existing MacBook stays on 10.14 (and, eventually, will join my MacOS Classic Titanium PowerBook and OSX/PPC PowerBook in the old-laptop cupboard). Of course, given that I also write code for iOS/macOS, I'm going to have to move to Catalina at some point, which I'm guessing brings forward the next MacBook purchase. I hope that they bring ones with less sucky keyboards out soon. Of course, all this will be repeated in a year or two's time when Apple make the move from x86-64 to ARM. * reFX, makers of QuadraSid/Slayer/Vanguard, have told users of their old plugins to go whistle, while other plug-ins, including things like AAS Strum, were replaced by improved versions which are not preset-compatible and cannot import the previous versions' settings. It's not surprising - Apple have never, ever cared about backwards compatibility, and there's countless examples of important and useful applications throughout the history of Macs and iPhones falling by the wayside because Apple changed something and expected everyone to do a huge amount of work to keep up - but it still sucks. Microsoft can't do this kind of thing because they sell software, not hardware. One of the more well-known members of the Windows team explained their reasoning: if a new version of Windows breaks backwards compatibility because an app is doing something it shouldn't, the user can't get a refund on their old app that works in the old version. They're going to get a refund on Windows. ![]()
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